Multiple Choice Questions
Biology: Cell Biology and Biochemistry
Topic: Cell Biology and Biochemistry
Grade: 11
Question 1:
Which of the following organelles is responsible for the synthesis of proteins?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Ribosomes
Answer: d) Ribosomes
Explanation: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell. They are composed of RNA and proteins and are found either floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes read the genetic information in the form of mRNA and use it to assemble amino acids into proteins. This process is known as translation. A simple example of protein synthesis is the production of enzymes that help break down food molecules in the digestive system.
Question 2:
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane?
a) Regulation of cellular transport
b) Cell signaling
c) Energy production
d) Cell adhesion
Answer: c) Energy production
Explanation: The cell membrane plays a crucial role in regulating cellular transport, cell signaling, and cell adhesion. However, energy production is primarily carried out by the mitochondria through cellular respiration. The cell membrane is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the cell by controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell. A complex example of cell membrane function is the active transport of ions across the membrane using ATP as an energy source.
Question 3:
Which of the following is the main energy currency of the cell?
a) Glucose
b) ATP
c) Glycogen
d) NADH
Answer: b) ATP
Explanation: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy currency of the cell. It stores and transfers energy within the cell for various metabolic processes. ATP is synthesized through cellular respiration and is used by cells to perform work, such as muscle contraction or active transport. A simple example of ATP utilization is the conversion of ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) during muscle contraction to provide the necessary energy.
Question 4:
Which of the following organelles is responsible for detoxification and metabolism of drugs and toxins?
a) Nucleus
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Lysosomes
d) Peroxisomes
Answer: b) Endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for detoxification and metabolism of drugs and toxins in the cell. It is composed of a network of membranous tubules and sacs and can be rough (with ribosomes attached) or smooth (without ribosomes). The smooth ER contains enzymes that are involved in drug metabolism, including the detoxification of drugs and toxins. A complex example of ER function is the metabolism of alcohol by liver cells.
Question 5:
Which of the following is responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and damaged organelles?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Lysosomes
d) Vacuoles
Answer: c) Lysosomes
Explanation: Lysosomes are responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste and damaged organelles. They contain digestive enzymes that can break down various macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes fuse with vesicles containing cellular waste or damaged organelles, allowing the enzymes to degrade the contents. A simple example of lysosome function is the digestion of food particles in white blood cells to aid in the immune response.
Question 6:
Which of the following is responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids in the cell. The rough ER, with ribosomes attached, is involved in protein synthesis, while the smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and modification. The ER also plays a role in protein folding, quality control, and transport. A complex example of ER function is the synthesis and modification of membrane proteins involved in cell signaling.
Question 7:
Which of the following is responsible for the production of ATP through cellular respiration?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Ribosomes
Answer: c) Mitochondria
Explanation: Mitochondria are responsible for the production of ATP through cellular respiration. They are often referred to as the \”powerhouses\” of the cell due to their role in energy production. Mitochondria have their own DNA and are capable of carrying out oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates ATP. A simple example of mitochondria function is the production of ATP during muscle contraction.
Question 8:
Which of the following organelles is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs and toxins?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Peroxisomes
d) Vacuoles
Answer: c) Peroxisomes
Explanation: Peroxisomes are responsible for the synthesis of lipids and the detoxification of drugs and toxins in the cell. They contain enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid oxidation. Peroxisomes also play a role in detoxifying harmful substances through the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. A complex example of peroxisome function is the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids for energy production in liver cells.
Question 9:
Which of the following is responsible for the storage of water, ions, and nutrients in plant cells?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Lysosomes
d) Vacuoles
Answer: d) Vacuoles
Explanation: Vacuoles are responsible for the storage of water, ions, and nutrients in plant cells. They are large membrane-bound organelles that occupy a significant portion of the cell\’s volume. Vacuoles help maintain turgor pressure in plant cells and can store various substances, including water, sugars, pigments, and toxins. A simple example of vacuole function is the storage of water in plant cells to maintain cell shape and rigidity.
Question 10:
Which of the following is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Nucleolus
Answer: d) Nucleolus
Explanation: The nucleolus is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes in the cell. It is a region within the nucleus that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins. The nucleolus produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles ribosomal subunits, which are then transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. A complex example of nucleolus function is the regulation of ribosome biogenesis in response to cellular needs.
Question 11:
Which of the following is responsible for packaging and sorting proteins for transport within the cell?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Lysosomes
d) Peroxisomes
Answer: b) Golgi apparatus
Explanation: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging and sorting proteins for transport within the cell. It consists of a series of stacked membranous sacs called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugar molecules or other modifications. It then sorts and packages the proteins into vesicles for transport to their final destination within or outside the cell. A complex example of Golgi apparatus function is the modification and packaging of hormones for secretion from endocrine cells.
Question 12:
Which of the following is responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information in the cell?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Ribosomes
Answer: a) Nucleus
Explanation: The nucleus is responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information in the cell. It contains the cell\’s DNA, which carries the instructions for the synthesis of proteins and other cellular components. The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains the nucleolus, where ribosomes are synthesized. A simple example of nucleus function is the control of gene expression through the regulation of DNA transcription.
Question 13:
Which of the following organelles is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Chloroplasts
d) Vacuoles
Answer: c) Chloroplasts
Explanation: Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. They are specialized organelles that contain chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy. Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen as byproducts. A complex example of chloroplast function is the synthesis of ATP and NADPH during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Question 14:
Which of the following is responsible for the regulation of cell shape and movement?
a) Nucleus
b) Cytoskeleton
c) Lysosomes
d) Vacuoles
Answer: b) Cytoskeleton
Explanation: The cytoskeleton is responsible for the regulation of cell shape and movement. It is a network of protein filaments that provide structural support to the cell and facilitate cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, and intracellular transport. The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of filaments: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. A simple example of cytoskeleton function is the maintenance of cell shape in red blood cells.
Question 15:
Which of the following is responsible for the synthesis of RNA?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Ribosomes
Answer: a) Nucleus
Explanation: The nucleus is responsible for the synthesis of RNA in the cell. It contains the cell\’s DNA, which serves as a template for RNA synthesis. Transcription, the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA, occurs within the nucleus. The transcribed RNA molecules are then processed and transported to the cytoplasm, where they are used for protein synthesis. A complex example of RNA synthesis is the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a specific gene for translation into protein.